GLP-1 medications have gained significant attention for their role in both weight loss and diabetes management. You may recognize popular GLP-1 medication brand names like Ozempic®, Wegovy® and Mounjaro®. Many patients and healthcare providers are exploring their potential benefits and results. Learn how GLP-1 medications work, who they’re for and what to consider before starting treatment.
How do GLP-1 medications work?
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists are a class of drugs that mimic the effects of the GLP-1 hormone, which is naturally produced in the intestines. Lisa Homan, RD, LD, CNSC, a clinical nutrition manager at OhioHealth, explains how the GLP-1 hormone has multiple jobs in the body. It:
- Triggers the pancreas to release insulin.
- Blocks the secretion of glucagon which raises blood sugar levels.
- Slows the emptying of food from the stomach, which in turn slows digestion and keeps people feeling full longer.
- Affects the areas of the brain that regulate hunger and increases the amount of time a person feels full or satisfied.
“GLP-1 medications do a lot of work in the body. They not only help manage blood sugar but also slow the emptying of food from the stomach and decrease appetite, which is why they’re so effective,” says Homan. These combined effects make GLP-1 drugs particularly useful in diabetes management and weight loss strategies.
The role of GLP-1 medications in diabetes and weight loss
Because GLP-1 medications both increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon, the hormone that raises blood sugar, they help diabetes patients decrease blood sugar spikes after meals. “This dual action makes them extremely beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes that struggle with blood sugar control,” says Homan.
For weight loss, these drugs suppress appetite and slow gastric emptying, which leads to reduced calorie intake and weight loss over time. “GLP-1 drugs have become the most effective weight loss medications we’ve seen so far,” says Homan. “Now, with Wegovy® and Zepbound®, we’re seeing people lose 15-20% of their body weight, which was unheard of before.”
Despite their effectiveness, GLP-1 medications are not a standalone solution. Homan warns, “GLP-1 medications aren’t a magic pill. The best candidates for them are those committed to making long-term lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise.”
For long-term success managing diabetes and weight loss, in addition to taking a GLP-1 drug, Homan recommends:
- Eating lean proteins, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
- Avoiding sugary, greasy or deep-fried foods, which can worsen side effects.
- Engaging in 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week.
- Incorporating strength training to prevent muscle loss.
“A lot of people assume they won’t have to exercise while on these medications, but strength training is crucial to prevent muscle loss during weight loss,” says Homan.
Comparing popular GLP-1 medications
There are several brands of GLP-1 medications, each with unique properties. Among them, Ozempic® and Wegovy® are both prescription semaglutide injections. Ozempic® is specifically marketed and approved for managing type 2 diabetes, while Wegovy® is approved for treating obesity and is available at a slightly higher dose to aid in weight loss.
Mounjaro® and Zepbound® are tirzepatide injections that target both GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptors. Mounjaro® is marketed and approved for managing type 2 diabetes, while Zepbound® is specifically approved for treating obesity.
Homan notes, “Tirzepatide- and semaglutide-based GLP-1 medications work in similar fashions, but the tirzepatide injections like Mounjaro® and Zepbound® have been shown in clinical trials to have even greater weight loss effects.”
Potential side effects and length of GLP-1 treatments
While GLP-1 medications are highly effective, they aren’t without risks. Some of the most common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, decreased appetite, constipation, indigestion and abdominal pain. These side effects are all a result of how the medication works in your body to slow digestion. If patients already experience gastrointestinal motility issues, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or gastroparesis, GLP-1 medications can exacerbate these symptoms.
It is particularly risky and not recommended for patients with a personal history of gastroparesis or pancreatitis to use GLP-1 therapy. Anyone with a family or personal history or medullary thyroid cancer or other endocrine neoplasia should not take a GLP-1 medications. Homan emphasizes that it’s crucial to consult your healthcare provider to evaluate health risks before starting GLP-1 therapy.
The duration of treatment varies for everyone. Most patients will start on a low dose and gradually increase over several months to minimize side effects. Results from taking the medication typically won’t be immediate because the dosage needs to be gradually increased over a ramp-up period.
“Many people won’t see significant weight loss until month four or five when they reach the higher doses,” explains Homan. “Some may need to continue the medication long-term, while others may transition off it once they’ve met their health goals.”
The future of GLP-1 medications
Beyond weight loss and diabetes, GLP-1 medications are being studied for potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neurodegenerative conditions and even alcohol use disorder. “There’s growing evidence that these medications improve heart health, even in people without diabetes, which could expand their uses in the future.” says Homan.
GLP-1 drugs have revolutionized diabetes management, offering an effective option for those struggling with traditional approaches. However, they are not a one-size-fits-all solution and come with considerations regarding side effects, cost and long-term use.
For more information on GLP-1 medications and type 2 diabetes treatments, talk to your healthcare provider.
